FACTBOX: Senegal’s powerful Mourides have global reach
December 29, 2007 | Leave a Comment
(Reuters) - Serigne Saliou Mbacke, caliph of Senegal’s Mouride Muslim brotherhood died on Friday aged 92, throwing one of West Africa’s most powerful religious movements into mourning.
Saliou was the last surviving son of the Mourides’ 19th century founder Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, and had been caliph since 1990. Here are some facts about Islam and Mouridism in Senegal.
– Over 90 percent of Senegalese are Muslims. Most claim allegiance to one of four Sufi brotherhoods: half are Tidianes, a third Mourides and most others Qadriyya and Layennes.
– Although not the largest brotherhood, the Mourides wield most political, economic and religious influence.
– President Abdoulaye Wade, a member, regularly visits the Mouride holy city Touba, including after elections to thank the movement’s religious teachers, or marabouts, for their support.
– Since Bamba’s death in 1927, Mourides have followed his call for an annual pilgrimage to Touba, known as the Grand Magal, which marks Bamba’s exile to Gabon in 1895 by French colonial authorities who feared his growing influence.
– The Mourides’ vast contributions have paid to build an enormous marble-clad mosque whose 87-metre (287-foot) tower dominates the city’s skyline.
– As a holy city controlled by religious authorities where drinking and smoking are forbidden, Touba has special status as a semi-autonomous city within Senegal. Along with neighboring Mbacke it has grown into Senegal’s second biggest conurbation with a population of over 500,000.
– Bamba and El Hajj Malick Sy, leader of the Tidiane brotherhood, introduced today’s Sufism to Senegal in the late 19th century. It is a form of mystical Islam that hinges on the relationship between a disciple, or talibe, and his marabout.
– Bamba’s teachings promoting hard work as a route to paradise are summed up in the saying "Pray as if you will die tomorrow and work as if you will live forever".
– Despite open observance by both Muslims and Christians, Senegal is generally free from the sectarian conflict seen in some other West African countries such as Nigeria.
– The Baye Fall, recognizable by their dreadlocks and patchwork clothing, follow Bamba’s most famous disciple, Ibra Fall. Fall, a devoted Muslim but a poor Koranic scholar, was excused Islam’s five daily prayers by Bamba in return for hard work and strict devotion to the marabout.
– Originally a rural movement which controlled Senegal’s main cash-crop, peanuts, Mouridism changed forever when a prolonged drought afflicted West Africa in the 1970s, forcing its devotees to the cities. Many marabouts encouraged their followers to head overseas to seek their fortune from trade.
– In New York, the Mourides established their own community, Little Senegal, and July 28 has officially been designated Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba day. Their long robes and tasseled hats have become a familiar sight in Harlem.
(Compiled by Alistair Thomson)
Making music with a message
December 27, 2007 | Leave a Comment
They sing about God - not drugs and gang warfare.
"It’s a positive message and Islam is a positive way of life," says Mohammad Yahya, the elder of the duo known as Blind Alphabetz.
The group chose their name because they say so many people are blind to the topics they sing about.
Mohammad and Abdul Rahman, are a little nervous about what to expect when they first turn up at Southfields Primary School in West London for a workshop with two classes.
Song of the converted
About one-third of the children in the school are Muslims from a range of backgrounds - mainly Somali, Bangladeshi and Pakistani.
All the children have been learning about Islam in advance of the workshop.
The rappers begin by asking the children if they can name any hip-hop artists.
The boys especially talk about Eminem and 50 Cent - musicians associated with a world of street gangs, drugs, sex and violence.
"We became Muslims but some people are born Muslims - we’re going to perform a track talking about that," explains Mohammad.
The turn on their ghetto blaster and do a song about their conversion to Islam, controversially setting to music the universal Muslim declaration of faith in Arabic: "There is only one God and Mohammad is his messenger."
"Islam is my world, music is my entertainment," goes one track.
"Free from harm, because I continue to embrace the Koran," says another.
Bitter critics
It is a fusion of Western culture with Muslim spiritual values.
But for some conservative Muslims this verges on blasphemy; they say music is "haram" - or not allowed - in their strict interpretation of Islam.
There are websites where critics complain bitterly that using hip-hop to spread the message of God is akin to doing missionary work from a brothel.
They say this style of music is decadent and corrupt.
"Islam is supposed to be practised now just as it was practised in the Prophet’s time," one Muslim woman writes on muslimhiphop.com.
She says compromise is not any good when if means sinning.
"That isn’t going to do you any favours when you are burning in hell, is it now?" she asks.
Culture clash
But Tony Ishola, editor of Platform - Britain’s main Islamic hip-hop magazine - says it is because groups like Blind Alphabetz are newcomers to Islam that they can leave a lot of cultural baggage behind and create a new British Muslim identity.
"They grew up without the Islamic culture from a different country; their actual upbringing was a western upbringing so a lot of them see nothing wrong with integrating hip-hop with Islam because hip-hop is their culture," he explains.
The majority of British Muslims are of South Asian origin and for them, Tony Ishola says, mixing modern music with religion is more of a clash of cultures at first.
"Their parents, their uncles, their aunties, their grandparents - they see the Western way of life as something negative," he says, adding that they often automatically reject anything to do with that way of life.
"A lot of people hear ‘Muslim hip-hop’ and they immediately back out: ‘We’re not going to touch that - that’s evil, it’s ‘haram’, it’s people singing’," he says.
"But when they actually listen to the lyrics, meet the people and talk to them, they see there is a positive message and what they’re saying is not against Islam."
Rhyme and reason
Blind Alphabetz try to get the children to work together in teams to compose their own rhymes, preferably about God.
They hope to show the Muslim kids in the class that you can be cool and true to your religion at the same time.
"If they think this medium is hip and in fashion you’ve got to give them an alternative," says Yahya, the group’s publicist.
"If you give them the bland hip-hop which is the 50 Cent - ‘I’ve got a nice Ferrari, Porsche, I sell drugs, I get a load of girls, I don’t care, I’ll shoot you in the head hip-hop’ - you’ll get a society of young adolescents willing to murder, steal, rob, rape, pillage, sell drugs and destroy society," he predicts.
The headmaster of Southfield Primary School, Charles Morrison, seems pleased with the experiment.
"The children had these notions that were perhaps placed in them by the media - this fear of Islam - and I still think to a certain degree among the population in the school there is a lack of understanding and that generates fear," he believes.
Blind Alphabetz also think the workshop has been a success and they are keen to do it again.
"We’d love to organise a school tour. I think there’s a lot of Muslim children in schools and they need to know what their identity is," says Mohammad as he gets ready to go to the mosque to say lunch-time prayers.
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7158907.stm
B-Spirit Magazine
December 19, 2007 | Leave a Comment
MEET…
Ben Herson is founder of Nomadic Wax record label, curator of the African Underground series of African hip-hop records and director of the internationally acclaimed documentary Democracy in Dakar, with colleague Magee McIlvaine
How did you first come into contact with Senegalese music?I met a drummer from Senegal called Abdoulaye Sall when I was 15. I’d just begun studying drums and was interested in African percussion. In 1998, I took my first trip to Senegal with Abdoulaye and it was then my interest in African music really took off.On my last day there I visited Marché Sandaga [Dakar’s outdoor market] to buy some cassettes. I noticed some locally produced hip-hop albums, which I purchased. I was amazed by the fact that Senegal even had a local hip-hop scene and was really curious to learn more.What did you make of the music?Once Senegalese friends started translating the lyrics for me, I came to realise hip-hop music in Senegal was quite deep in its political, social and spiritual message. It was the message in the music that drove me to want to write about and eventually produce African hip-hop, in the hope that other people might be inspired by the message as I’d been.
What are the biggest differences between Senegalese and Western hip-hop?The most discernible differences are lyrical content and language. By and large, Senegalese don’t rhyme about material desires, sex or violence. Instead they use hip-hop as a tool for self-expression and a way to promote a political philosophy or social/spiritual message. In Senegal, there tends to be a consciousness in the lyrical content that I find lacking in a great deal of US rap music.In what ways do Senegalese musicians address political issues in their music and what impact do their lyrics have?Throughout Senegalese history, West Africa has been home to a class of musicians called gewels [also called griots or jalis, depending on the country]. They serve as oral historians, keeping the history of the country and its people alive through songs and stories.Hip-hop is a powerful alternative for young people who want to express themselves because it’s an imported style that isn’t tied to these traditions or familial lineage. Hip-hop in Senegal exists as a separate social space for young people to talk about issues that in the past may have been taboo to speak about, such as politics, corruption and so on.How did the Democracy in Dakar documentary and African Undergroundproject come together?The project began as an extension of my undergraduate thesis, which was about the role of hip-hop in Senegal and explored the various ways young people have used it as means for political/social transformation. I stayed in contact with many of the rappers I’d interviewed and one of them suggested I make a compilation of Senegalese hip-hop for the Western market. I went back to Dakar with little more than a laptop computer, hard-disk recorder and a few microphones to record what eventually became the first of a series of African hip-hop compilations calledAfrican Underground.The documentary series was a logical extension of these audio projects. The concept was to create a series of documentary shorts we could upload to the web through viral media sites, such as YouTube, MySpace and Current TV, and disseminate the film internationally as it was happening.With your immersion in Senegalese music, can you say who your favourite musicians are? Is there anyone you’d tout as a future international star?That’s a difficult question to answer. Each MC has their own strengths and everyone brings their own unique flavour and style to the genre. I’d say the MCs who stand the most chance of breaking into the international market are those who are able to stay true to themselves and find a way to communicate with an international audience in a way that transcends the language barrier.www.africanunderground.com
In Senegal, Hip Hop Is About Social Change
December 19, 2007 | Leave a Comment
Many Americans view commercial hip hop as little more than a venue for scantily clad women and shallow lyrics about drugs, fast cars and fast cash. But on the West African stage, hip hop is proving to be a political weapon, capable of inciting rebellion and change.
“We don’t talk about the girls and the bling bling,” says Abdoulaye Aw, the founder of Propagand’Arts, a firm that introduces African artists to the American hip hop industry. “We use our music to educate the people and talk about the real issues.”
The artists say that their desire to educate is what sets Senegalese hip hop apart from its American counterpart. The musicians have a preference for substance over entertainment value.
“We are more focused on giving people information,” says Moussa Sall, a Senegalese rap artist who now lives in Washington D.C. “[In America] it’s all about clubbing and just doing party songs, but we are focused on the message.”
The message is that the country has not been doing so well under the current leadership of President Abdoulaye Wade, and that Senegal is in desperate need of a change.
“The hip hop movement is educating the people on the fact that we need to take this guy out!” says Aw. “The guy we put in power doesn’t really care about the people. He is there for his family and for himself. He is not really ruling the country right now.”
Abdulaye Wade is only the third president of Senegal. First elected in 2000, he won re-election in March of 2007, much to the dismay of many members of the hip-hop community.
Despite the ratification of a new constitution in 2001, and economic reforms that have resulted in a 5percent increase in GDP every year, the country is still highly dependent on outside donor support, and Wade has not been able to fight the high unemployment that ravages the country.
According to a 2001 estimate in the CIA World Fact Book, Senegal had an unemployment rate of 48 percent, with 40 percent being urban youth. A 2004 profile by the Institute for Security Studies, places the unemployment rate in Senegal’s urban sector at 23 percent. And 54 percent of the country’s population lives below the poverty line.
Many citizens choose to flee Senegal and immigrate to Europe or America in search of more job opportunities.
“It’s hard down there in [Senegal],” says Moussa Sall. “We don’t have many opportunities. They are pushing us to leave our country and go somewhere else.”
For the Senegalese, rhyming on the microphone over a hot beat is the only way to push back.
“It’s increasingly obvious that [hip hop] is an important political tool there,” says Magee McIlvaine, the co-director and co-producer of the independent documentary film, “Africa Underground: Democracy in Dakar.” McIlvane adds, “In Senegalese mainstream hip hop, the people appreciate positivity and political consciousness.”
The film, which won honors at the Bronx film festival and the Vibe Magazine Urban World Film Festival, documents the period up to and just after the recent 2007 election. It was that election that the hip hop community hoped would bring about change.
“When we got there for the 2007 elections, there was a lot of tension,” McIlvaine says. “We decided to go in and film the elections from the rapper’s perspective.”
2007 wasn’t the first time that rap would have had an effect on the outcome of a political election.
Ben Herson, the founder and director of Nomadic Wax, a record label that seeks to bring more west African hip hop to the American market, says that in 2000, rap music was a key factor in motivating the regime change. As a result, current president Abdoulye Wade took the place of former president Abdou Diouf.
“In 2000, it’s like hip hop really changed the power.” Says Sall. “We were telling the people what they need to know about politics.”
Senegalese artists were first inspired by the politically conscious American hip-hop of the 1980’s.
“The first real hip hop artist that inspired them to do anything was Chuck D., with ‘Fight the Power’,” McIlvaine says. “It had a political consciousness that really appealed to the way Senegalese people were living.”
The art form may have taken such a strong hold in Senegal because in some form, it existed in Africa before it was discovered in America.
“Senegal has a lot of cultural and musical traditions that are very similar to hip hop,” Herson says. “The traditions go back 5000 years. They just evolved and continued. But more importantly, it’s a medium that is a separate social space that the youth can latch onto and convey their own struggles.”
In fact, youth makes up a large part the Senegalese populace. 70% of the population is under 30 years of age. The average age is only 18.7 years, compared to the U.S., where the average age is 36.6 years.
“It just comes naturally as a way to reach the young people,” Moussa Sall says. “In Senegal, we listen to more hip hop than any other music.
Since gaining its independence from France in 1960, Senegal has been one of the few African countries that has not had a coupe d’etat. But so far, the Senegalese democracy has been unable to produce a leader that can solve the country’s problems.
Under the increased threat of political upheaval, the current regime has kept a tight grip on the rights given to its people by the new constitution.
“I know that some people were exiled,” Aw says. “I know a few people died as well. The climate is not like it used to be, a lot of people are wondering what’s going to happen.”
According to Aw, the government uses violence, exile, and the threat of tax increases to deter young Senegalese artists from speaking out against the regime.
But in the eyes of many that are involved with the Senegalese hip-hop industry, the need to speak out against corruption in government has never been stronger.
“Hip-hop is a form of Fighting,” Aw says. “It came from the ghetto and it gave young African Americas a way to raise their voice. It’s the same in Africa.”
The next step is to bring their fight to the world stage.
“It’s time for Senegalese hip hop to extend itself,” Sall explains. “We need to focus on it, and push it more for people to really listen to what we have to say.”
“I think Senegalese hip hop is going to become more popular,” Abdoulye says, “We are going to get more and more artists holding the government accountable.”
How Phat Conquered Palestine
December 19, 2007 | Leave a Comment
Public Enemy frontman Chuck D once called hip-hop the CNN of urban youth. More recently, rap mogul and entrepreneur Russell Simmons called it a “worldwide cultural phenomena that transcends race.” So it is fitting that hip-hop has found a new home in one of the world’s most volatile regions: the Middle East. Leading the movement is a Palestine trio of lyricists who call themselves DAM, a triple-loaded name: an acronym for ‘Da Arabian MCs, the Arabic for “blood” and the Hebrew for “eternity.” The group doesn’t do the formula, commercialized rap music that gets a lot of radio play; instead DAM is a vanguard for a politically charged subgenre of rap that focuses on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “It’s our life, it’s our window. Whatever has happened to us, we think about it, we write it,” said Tamer Nafar, who partnered with his younger brother Suhell and his friend, Mahmoud Jreri to form the group in 1999. He says his major influence was Tupac Shakur’s music in the 1990s, and artists that came before like Public Enemy and KRS 1. Their flow is almost entirely in Arabic, over music that links them to the region. But the sampling and even the non-English rap style borrows unmistakably from American hip-hop. “Sometimes its about love, sometimes its about who is best on the microphone,” said Jreri who sat with his cohorts backstage after a recent performance in Brooklyn. “We have love for hip-hop and we are not only taking it as political, but politics is part of our life.” In the same way that American rappers react to urban poverty and strife, the Palestinians react to the poverty in the Palestinian territories in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. DAM’s signature tune “Meen Irhabi” (”Who’s The Terrorist”), sparks the same sentiments as songs by Mos Def and Talib Kweli. Other artists like Gaza’s Palestinian Rappers and Egypt’s Arabian Knightz help bolster the popularity of the music. Conservative and fundamentalist religious critics however have made it difficult for hip hop artists to perform in many venues. The group Palestinian Rappers were reportedly chased off the stage during a performance by teenagers said to be linked to Hamas. There has also been scant contact between Arab rap artists and the equally popular Israeli hip-hop movement. But despite the hurdles, the musicians go from gig to gig because they see they are having an effect. “Artists make political statements subtly and not so subtly and those statements have an impact on the audience,” said Bakari Kitwana, who serves as Artist in Residence at the Center for the Study of Race Politics and Culture at the University of Chicago. “This is what hip-hop does at its best, so we we see young people gravitating toward hip hop, seeing their own conditions and have hip-hop giving them a voice.” Jackie Salloum, a filmmaker who is producing a documentary about the Middle Eastern rap scene called Slingshothiphop said the movement had been small, but grew quickly. “In Gaza it caught on and people were influenced by it,” she explained. “When I got there, there were only 10 guys rhyming, but within a year, there were 60.” Hip-hop is seen as one of the gifts of African-American culture to the world’s creative landscape. Rhyme artists like DAM and others spent years listening to their favorite rappers, dressing like them and emulating their beats. Now they want to have the same kind of global impact. “We know about Afro Americans through hip hop,” Suheil Nafar said. “So all the world will know about Palestine through hip-hop.”
In Marseille, Rap Helps Keep the Peace
December 19, 2007 | Leave a Comment
MARSEILLE, France — The other day, a dozen or so teenage rappers in baggy jeans and hoodies gathered outside a community arts center called Le Mille-Patte in Noailles, a poor immigrant neighborhood here, hard by the Old Port.
One of this city’s most successful hip-hop artists, M’Roumbaba Saïd, who calls himself Soprano, lately wrote a track called “Melancholic Anonymous”: “I can’t help it, expressing my feelings, my melancholy in my lyrics,” he rapped. “I can laugh at my sadness. It helps.”
When the slums outside Paris, Lyon, Toulouse and Strasbourg exploded last month, repeating the violence that erupted two years ago, here in Marseille, France’s second-largest city, all remained calm. Back in July, in one of this city’s impoverished northern neighborhoods, a 14-year-old boy named Nelson Lobry-Gazelle was killed by a police car. Four hundred people demonstrated peacefully, so the incident barely made headlines. As it happens, it was also a police car’s killing two teenagers in Villiers-le-Bel, a destitute suburb about 10 miles north of Paris, that sparked the trouble that broke out across France in November. A bus-burning here in October 2006 was considered an isolated incident and failed to ignite a local chain reaction.
The Marseillais have plenty of explanations for this disparity, aside from the obvious one that the poor areas here aren’t segregated on the city outskirts, as they are in Paris — but it is hip-hop, as much a source of local pride as the town’s soccer team, that turns out to be a lens through which to examine why this city didn’t burn.
Melancholy is the word often used to describe the local rap style: melancholy as a reflective state of mind. In contrast to the city’s sun-and-sea context, melancholy actually suits lots of its culture. A Marseille novelist, Jean-Claude Izzo, who died just a few years ago, became famous in France for writing grim, pessimistic detective stories. Robert Guédiguian, also from Marseille, is a filmmaker whose reputation is based on dark movies.
Rappers in Marseille, some of the most original and distinctive ones anyway, compose sad odes to their local neighborhoods and hymns to the whole melting-pot city. The sound of Paris hip-hop, slicker and more aggressive, adopts much from American gangsta rap, as Marseille hip-hop does too, but Marseille boasts a groovier style. It mixes in blues, flamenco, Jamaican ragga.
The number that a decade or more ago helped fixed IAM, the Marseille group, on the French charts, borrows from George Benson to lay down a mellow beat. “Belsunce Breakdown,” about one of the city’s downtown neighborhoods, by Bouga, a rapper from there, begins with a hypnotic piano riff, jazzily syncopated — a little Steve Reich crossed with 50 Cent.
Here the basic interconnectedness of all modern music expresses a local truth about the city’s cultural identity. An ancient, gritty seaport, Marseille flaunts its history as an immigrant magnet. Its population of 820,000 includes 200,000 Muslims, 80,000 North African Jews, 80,000 Armenians. One of the largest immigrant groups is made up of Muslims from the Comoro Islands, near Madagascar. Three of the four musicians in PSY4 de la Rime, Soprano’s band, are Comorians who grew up in the northern part of Marseille where Mr. Lobry-Gazelle died. The fourth member of the band, DJ Sya Styles (of Moroccan background, born Rachid Aït Baar), like many of the teenagers at Le Mille-Patte, comes from Noailles.
Marseille lyrics can be full of rage but they’re not violent, the way those of certain Parisian bands are. Two years ago 152 conservatives in the French Parliament brought suit against seven rap groups, but notably none from Marseille, for fostering hatred and racism against whites and for what one politician called “anti-French ” sentiments.
PSY4, by contrast, wrote a rap not long ago called “Justicier”: “I know all the cops are not that bad, but why do you always ask me for my ID? To your violence I prefer responding with my lyrics. Can’t we have a proper dialogue?”
The other evening PSY4 occupied a recording studio in Grottes Loubières, just northeast of the city. During a break the members talked about the way rappers help one another here, and about how success comes not from landing studio contracts but from earning respect, ground up.
“Rap’s not a business here, the way it is in Paris,” DJ Sya Styles said. “It’s not like Paris, where the suburbs are just concrete. Here you first have to prove yourself in the neighborhoods.”
Stéphane Gallard put it another way: “Paris is more hard-core.” He is the quiet, suave young man in charge of music programming for the nonprofit Radio Grenouille, the city’s most popular hip-hop station. “The fact that hip-hop artists sell their music on their own blocks contributes to their identifying with Marseille, and this explains why there’s no car burning,” he said. “Different communities in Marseille are still quite separate, there’s racism here, but it’s a city in which you have the freedom to move among communities if you choose.”
It’s also true that this city has a contrarian streak going back at least 2,000 years, to when it backed Pompey over Caesar. You might say Marseillais rappers reflect the tradition of “pays,” or local communities, to which their inhabitants maintain more powerful loyalties than to France. At the same time, it’s a place proud of its old Corsican and French-Italian mob heritage (a popular downtown clothing store was named for a famous mob boss), and the prevalence of drug dealers and North African gangs does partly explain why there’s relative calm in destitute areas: Calm is maintained for the sake of their businesses.
Unemployment nears 40 percent in those same parts of town among those 18 to 25; it’s 13 percent citywide, much more than the national average of 8 percent. So clearly job opportunities alone, or their lack, don’t account for the absence of urban violence recently.
It helps that an old, Mediterranean-style civic patronage system doles out favors to earn loyalty and keep the peace. And, as everybody says, unlike Paris, where immigrant poor occupy huge concrete blocks cut off from the city center, Marseille has its neighborhoods, like Noailles, that are smack in the middle of town, while the hard-pressed quarters to the north are linked to the center by cheap public transport and remain inside city limits. So residents feel that they belong to Marseille, because they do, and in turn they feel that Marseille belongs to them.
Out of these communities, where musicians have their own version of a patronage system, the hip-hop scene has emerged — besides PSY4 de la Rime, IAM and Bouga, others, like Keny Arkana, FAF Larage, Fonky Family, DJ Rebel and Prodige Namor, have made it big here.
“Marseille rap never integrated violence the way Paris did,” Philippe Fragione told me. He’s Akhenaton, the leader of IAM. He, like other older musicians here, supports younger Marseille rappers. It was his studio in Grottes Loubières that PSY4 was using. Marseille rap is “more socially conscious,” Mr. Fragione added. “That’s because there is a real sense of community.”
I stopped in the waterfront office of Paul Colombani, the deputy director of the redevelopment program Euroméditerranée. With more than $5 billion in public and private investments, it plans, by 2012, to turn some 2.5 miles of downtown into office towers, mixed-income apartments, museums and esplanades. Zaha Hadid, Jean Nouvel and other archistars have signed on. Outside the porthole office window, the Danielle Casanova, an enormous white ferry, waited to carry passengers to Algeria. Passengers coming back often bring knockoff goods that merchants hawk on sidewalks. “Les jeunes errants,” as migrant street children, some as young as 12, are called, hide in boats, then head for Noailles when they land. A few have become aspiring rappers through community cultural centers like Le Mille-Patte.
Mr. Colombani noticed my gaze. “That will be moved out of this area,” he said about the ferry. He meant to L’Estaque, far to the north, “easier for customs,” he explained. Luxury cruise ships will dock here instead.
Marseille can surely use the money, but hardly at the cost of undoing the social chemistry that has kept the peace and fostered, among other things, the city’s musical life. At Le Mille-Patte those dozen or so young rappers outside were a typical Marseille mix: first-, second- or third-generation immigrants from Algeria, Morocco, the Comoro Islands, Eastern Europe, Argentina.
Habib was a skinny 18-year-old with a doleful face and a band called Urban Revolution. “We all get along because we share music,” he explained. Le Mille-Patte had first encouraged him to rap as a young boy: “I didn’t know what to do with my days, so this place was very important.”
Bacariane, a slightly older rapper wearing a New York Yankees cap, its brim pressed down over his eyes, piped in: “This is a rough neighborhood, but there’s not violence here without meaning, like in Paris. I lived there for a while,” he said, meaning in the isolated suburbs outside the capital. He paused to consider the difference. “Here there is a culture of respect,” he said. “We’re all Marseillais.”
Washington Post
December 17, 2007 | Leave a Comment
Hip hop in Germany
December 16, 2007 | Leave a Comment
“Bushido” comes from the Japanese and means “the way of the warrior”. Bushido is also the name of Germany’s most popular and yet most controversial rapper at the moment.
In recent years the hip hop scene in the country has been radically restructured under his leadership. Since the German Tunisian’s huge success, hip hop has become what it always was in the USA in the Federal Republic as well: a mouthpiece for the supposedly underprivileged, the voice of the lower classes.
Hip hop in Germany used to be primarily something for grammar school students from a good background, now the rules say that true hip hop warriors don’t need A Levels. Rappers of the “Neue Deutsche Härte” (i.e. New German Hardness) genre mostly come from the suburbs of Berlin and claim to speak “ghetto” language. Before these rappers however, people were sure that there were no ghettoes in Germany’s cities like the ones in the USA, there were just districts heavily populated with foreigners and with high unemployment. But in the world of new German hip hop, coming from the “ghetto” must serve as proof that they come from the very bottom, like their American confreres.
German hip hop aspires to be street music now as well. People style themselves as a sub-class and rap bluntly about life on the fringe of society. The lyrics are about drugs, petty crime, rape, police violence and raw sex, in some cases the texts are homophobic or sexist. The main thing is to cause a furore, the cruder the better. For Bushido alone the Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien (Federal Department for Censorship of Media Harmful to Young Persons) has classified several songs as harmful to young people. The macho behaviour of US rap is simply being adopted, as well as the glorification of violence. As a result, rap in Germany has arrived at the point at which it has been in the USA for about twenty years: a state of dominance of so-called Gangsta-Rap.
Fun rap and puns
‘Die Fantastischen Vier’
When German hip hop was booming in the nineties, when German Sprechgesang was becoming more and more successful commercially, this development could not have been predicted. The most successful hip hop group in the country – still – Die Fantastischen Vier from the city of Stuttgart, bagged the first big German rap hits with fun rap and songs such as Die da and Sie ist weg. The lyrics are about meeting girls and being dumped, about simple dramas of puberty. Fun rap with occasional playful hints of social criticism also remained the trademark of further successful hip hop bands such as Tobi & Das Bo or Fünf Sterne Deluxe. Both have now broken up. Explicit political rap, which was very active against xenophobia and racism and originated from groups such as Advanced Chemistry or Wahre Schule, always remained a fringe phenomenon in Germany – quite unlike France.
German rap of the nineties was trying to superimpose American hip hop on German circumstances and make something separate out of it, so-called Deutschrap. Linguistic humour was in demand, they played around with the German language. The successful Stuttgart group Freundeskreis even skilfully incorporated a poem by artist and lyricist Kurt Schwitters in their hit Anna. The clichés long established in the USA of wiggling ladies’ bums, champagne parties and weapons as status symbols were largely avoided. The epicentres of German hip hop at this time significantly were Stuttgart and Hamburg, tranquil and rich cities. German hip hop in comparison with today seemed downright innocent and naïve.
The cruder the better
‘Sido’
All that changed suddenly at the start of the new millennium. Since then, Berlin has been the definitive capital of German hip hop. It is no coincidence that during this time Berlin was increasingly coming under the public gaze as a social hotspot. The violence mentioned in the Berlin rap songs had arrived in the city’s playgrounds for real. Since then there has been a debate in Germany about the extent to which hip hop is the cause of socially unacceptable behaviour or whether it is just a reflection of it.
The most successful German hip hop label Aggro markets its rap stars with exceptionally clever methods. Bushido also became a star as an Aggro artist. The protagonists of the label are all given an aggressive image here, scandals are really planned. The stage management of individual rappers targets particular sensitive spots within German society. They play around with fears of racism, exaggerated nationalism or sexism, sometimes ambiguously.
For example there is Sido, who usually performs wearing a mask, and whose Arschficksong (i.e. Arse Fuck Song) was a big hit. Or B-Tight, who calls himself “Neger” (nigger), even though this term for blacks has racist connotations in Germany. Fler on the other hand is proud to be a German. He acts nationalistically and enjoys performing with a German flag, which people in the Federal Republic are normally much more careful about than in the patriotic USA for instance.
‘Fler’
In the name of scandal, rapper G-Hot is even comfortable with open hatred towards gays. In his song Keine Toleranz he appeared amazed that gays are allowed to live, which was not the case in the past. That was too much even for Aggro, for the sake of its media image the label parted company from the rapper. Aggro, according to Davide Bortot, chief editor of the specialist hip hop magazine Juice, is “the last real revolution that German rap has experienced.” Which in turn sheds a bad light on the rest of the German scene. Bortot feels that it lacks “creative characters” and originality.
Thanks to this Aggro revolution and Bushido warriors, women unfortunately have even less to say than ever before in German rap. Journalist Sonja Eismann, who has concerned herself in great depth with the role of women in hip hop, claims: “I don’t really see true resistance anywhere.” The only chance for female rappers to command as much attention as the boys seems to be by being similarly hard. For Catee from Berlin for instance, as she says herself, it is all about “boozing, mobbing, stuffing your face and stressing out.” Any woman in new German rap who wants to be worth something, it seems, should not attack its blokish mentality, but should be a bloke herself instead.
Andreas Hartmann
is a freelance author and music journalist in Berlin
Translation: Jo Beckett
Copyright: Goethe-Institut, Online-Redaktion
Any questions about this article? Please write to us!
online-redaktion@goethe.de
September 2007
Reggae star says ‘no regrets’ after being barred from Senegal
December 16, 2007 | Leave a Comment
ABIDJAN (AFP) — Reggae star Tiken Jah Fakoly said Saturday he had "no regrets" after being barred from entering Senegal following criticism of President Abdoulaye Wade.
"I gave my opinion as an African citizen," the Ivorian singer told AFP. "I have always said what I think about the news and I told myself that I can do the same thing in Senegal."
He criticised Wade during a press conference in Dakar and afterward at a concert on Wednesday, inviting the president to leave office for the good of his country.
Senegal’s interior ministry said Thursday evening that he was "persona non grata in Senegal" for his "insolent and discourteous" remarks and would be barred from entering the country.
"There are no regrets," the singer said. "I don’t regret it at all because I said what all Senegalese say every day. Opposition members say it every day, young rappers say it, everybody says it."
The Senegalese government faced what was seen as the country’s most violent protests since the late 1980s last month.
Local media said the unrest was an expression of disillusionment by the majority of Senegalese hard pressed for the most basic needs, while the country invests in new highways and five-star hotels ahead of a major summit of Islamic nations it is set to host in March.
Senegal’s interior minister sought to justify the decision taken by the government.
"Someone cannot come to a country and give orders to a president," Ousmane Ngom said, cited by Senegal’s APS news agency.
"We could have taken draconian measures, but we did not do that," he added.
The singer said he learned from the radio about the Senegalese government’s decision to bar him, adding that he was both "surprised" and "disappointed" at the move.
"I think that President Wade is maybe not necessarily up to date on it and that the interior minister took the decision," he said.
He said that in Africa, "there are many ministers who seek to please the president".
"I hope that President Wade will again show proof of wisdom so that the interior minister reverses the decision," the singer said.
Wade had been "an example" for young Africans in the past for "freedom of expression and multi-party systems", said Fakoly.
In 2000, Wade, then an opposition figure for two decades in Senegal, swept to power in elections, the first time power slipped from the Socialist Party’s 40-year rule.
Senegal Bars a Singer
December 15, 2007 | Leave a Comment
By THE NEW YORK TIMES
Senegal has barred the reggae star Tiken Jah Fakoly from entering the country after he criticized President Abdoulaye Wade, Agence France-Presse reported. The singer, who is from the Ivory Coast, criticized Mr. Wade during a news conference and afterward at a concert on Wednesday, urging the president to leave office for the good of his country. Senegal’s interior ministry said Thursday evening that Mr. Fakoly was “persona non grata in Senegal” for his “insolent and discourteous” remarks and would be barred from entering the country. The singer had been in Senegal for the International Hip-Hop Awards in Dakar. The independent Senegalese newspaper Sud Quotidien said he was a “victim of state xenophobia.” Last month the Senegalese government faced protests that were seen as the country’s most violent since the late 1980s.